Principles of Catholic Social Thought Free Essays

The Catholic Social Thought’s are a range of beliefs regarding situations around human dignity and the common good within a community. Addressing the ideas of the role of state, oppression, subsidiarily wealth distribution and study for social justice. Consisting of nine key principles coined by the Catholic Church that underpin the morals, values, ideals and contexts of the Church. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Catholic Social Thought or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whilst incorporating values from Gospel’s in order to provide guidelines as to how we as individuals should approach multiple issues arising in the world. (Figure 1 The Common Good Nicolas Bramke, 2017) The common good: The principle of the common good aims to ensure that individuals should be both sacred and social. Every individual’s needs should be fulfilled regarding their social standing. Therefore encompassing all aspects of humanity, such as mental, physical, spiritual and emotional needs. Through shielding relationships within the wider society it will allow us to organise politics and economics. Through a lawful policy that directly affects human dignity. As well as an individuals growth within a wider community. To â€Å"love our neighbour† is a commitment and responsibility that has an single dimension. Yet requires a wider social commitment. In the long run that everyone has the accountability to bestow towards a society for the common good. Working for the common good implies that we work to create the social and political conditions for many different people to strive within a common space. That may mean working for clean water and affordable health care; it may mean reciting unjust laws that create economic disadvantages for certain groups within society; it may also mean helping other groups to preserve their culture and identify. For example, respecting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People’s claims as the traditional owners of this land. With the common good concerning the life of all: It can apply to everyone by virtue of what we share in common with our humanity. It presupposes respect for all persons and each person. It concerns the flourishing of human life in all dimensions. The flourishing of individuals is linked closely to the well being of society (and the world) as a whole, the quality of a communal life together. Building strong, stable and cohesive societies aids in achieving the common good. (ACU, 2018, section 5.5.1) The dignity of the human person The foundation of all Catholic Social Thought is the dignity of the human person.The beginning point for a moral vision of society should be the dignity of the human person cherishing life. This principle is grounded on the ideas that an individual is made in the image of God. Not only does this encompass the thought that not only all human beings deserve to be treated with respect, but the fact that all human’s have natural rights that need to be recognised and maintained. (Australian Catholic Social Justice Council, 2016) As Human beings it should be ensured that every person, especially the most disadvantaged and marginalised have reasonable access to more then just the basic needs. It promotes that everyone should have the opportunity to participate in activities and discussion. Participation In society everyone deserves the right to participate. Whether that be in political, cultural or economic environments. Participation is a requirement and fundamental demand of justice for human dignity. All people are and should be assured a level of inclusion and participation in the community. To exclude or unfairly mistreat someone is wrong on many accounts. Through participation it allows not only individuals but the society to flourish. Therefore promoting the wider community, enforcing common good. Everyone should have equitable access to participate in educational and workplace environments. To be engaged politically. (The Catholic Church of New Zealand, 2010) Global Solidarity This concept recognises that hall humans belong to one large family. Therefore we must respect, and promote respect for nations of people. Having the responsibility to each other cross national, economic, racial and ideological differences. Suggesting that we work globally for the fulfilment of human development and justice. Aiming to maintain a standard, where balance and harmony are met rather then the extreme of underdevelopment on one hand, and super development on the other. Material goods, technology and resources will be unsatisfactory if there is no respect respect for the moral, cultural and spiritual dimensions of the person. This principle gives people an awareness of what is going on in their world and encourages less on everyone’s own individual needs and more on the needs and rights of those around them, especially those who are marginalised and in the greatest need. (ACU 3.1.1, 2017) Interrelationship between self community: The principles of Catholic Social Teaching all have a common idea of promoting human success for each individual, which is only possible with collaboration on a personal and global scale. To link these principles they need to be put into action by tactical realties witch function as everyday expressions. For the Catholic social thoughts to work a strong relationship must be between one’s self and community. A strong community does not just happen, it is something that men and women must cease to work together to develop, create and maintain. The concept such as the Golden Rule can be best used to describe the relationship between self and community in terms of flourishing. (Figure 2, The Golden Rule, Morris, 2015) The golden rule With the ‘golden rule’ being a familiar core principle that is derived from human feelings and experience. It requires people to think and respond about others as if they were in the exact situation and therefore try to imagine how they might think and feel. (Think Humanism, 2018). The golden rule is found in numerous religions, cultures, ethical systems and philosophises. It transcends into an ethical cornerstone as the human family which works together to build a peaceful, just and sustainable society (ACU 2016, Section 1.3.2). In todays society we have become distracted by the individual pursuit of happiness that other people can be neglected. By changing our own behaviours and attitudes towards marginalised individuals we will be able to take steps to actually support and provide for these people and also repeat their human dignity in the process. Though changing an individuals mindset and behaviour, other people will be influenced to the similar. Having a greater influence on the community at a whole. For example In terms of subsidiarity, by utilising the idea that we should treat others how we would like to be treated, individuals can handle situations that closely affect themselves with justice. This would then overflow the wider community sense where strong moral and ethical values would drive the design making of individuals which, in turn, also promotes human growth, flourishing and the common good. How to cite Principles of Catholic Social Thought, Papers

Training Effectiveness Work Organizations -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Training Effectiveness Work Organizations? Answer: Introducation Volkswagen AG, internationally known as Volkswagen Group is a multinational automotive company, which is headquartered at Wolfsburg, Germany. The company is currently operating at approximately 150 countries. With over 600,000 employees, the company manufactures, distributes and designs commercial and passenger vehicles and offers related services as well. The organizations management board is responsible for management the overall group. The supervisory group monitors, advises and appoints the management board. Moreover, it is directly consulted on the decisions those are of primary significance of the company. The employees of the company are highly talented and experienced. Moreover, the company has various strategic focuses on sustainable development of management and leadership models (Volkswagenag.com. 2018). The company strives to find the best applicant for their job positions. Volkswagen believes in hiring the best candidate for serving the customers with their best of services. Moreover, the company has different training goals. It goes through several business-law while recruiting, like interviewing, screen tests, driving tests and more. It invests so much time and money on employee training and hiring processes to ensure that all the knowledge gaps are adequately filled. The training procedures vary depending on the job positions type and employees skills and abilities. Volkswagen Group conducts several orientation and induction programs in order to train the newly hired employees. In addition to this, certified trainers and professional experts educate the employees regarding car testing, automobiles parts and others (Becker, Huselid Ulrich, 2001). However, the company lacks some training goals, which it needs to improve. It has problem in aligning and crafting the right training procedures with corporate goals. Firstly, the company needs to align their training goals with their corporate ones, that is, the employees must be given an overview of the companys policies and procedures. Secondly, during the training sessions, the trainers must prioritize and define the corporate goals and mission. Thirdly, the employees must be encouraged and motivated to ask questions. This helps in understanding the issues of the employees as well as resolving their queries, if any. The duration of the training period is decided depending on the job position. The educational programs must be designed in order to motivate the employee give his/her best services. The training and development programs should ensure that the newly hired employees are skilled and competent enough to perform his/her job roles, once the session is over (Ford, 2014). Fourthly, in the end of the training session, survey forms must be distributed to the newly hired employees. The questions should be prepared on the basis of their competencies and in-competencies. Moreover, it should include a recommendation section, where the employees must be asked to comment on the overall training procedure and what more can be included according to them. Once the training session is over, the employees must be tested on how well he/she has grasped the concepts and training materials. It will improve their performance level (Elnaga Imran, 2013). Lastly, the employees should be evaluated on their performance level. Furthermore, selecting the right blend of delivery options will prove to be beneficial for improving their performance level (Daley, 2012). References Becker, B., Huselid, M. A., Ulrich, D. (2001). The HR scorecard: Linking people, strategy, and performance. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Daley, D. M. (2012). Strategic human resources management.Public Personnel Management, 120-125. Elnaga, A., Imran, A. (2013). The effect of training on employee performance.European Journal of Business and Management,5(4), 137-147. Ford, J. K. (2014).Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Volkswagenag.com. (2018).Volkswagen Group Homepage.Volkswagenag.com. Retrieved 17 January 2018, from https://www.volkswagenag.com/

The Needs Theory Motivating Employees with Maslows Hierarchy of Needs free essay sample

Physiological needs are those needs required for human survival such as air, food, water, shelter, clothing and sleep. As a manager, you can account for physiological needs of your employees by providing comfortable working conditions, reasonable work hours and the necessary breaks e.g. to eat and/or drink.Safety needs include those needs that provide a person with a sense of security and well-being. Personal security, financial security, good health and protection from accidents, harm and their adverse effects are all included in safety needs. As a manager, you can account for the safety needs of your employees by providing safe working conditions, secure compensation such as a salary and job security.Social needs, also called love and belonging, refer to the need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance. Social needs are important to humans so that they do not feel alone, isolated and depressed. Friends, family and intimacy all work to fulfill social needs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Needs Theory: Motivating Employees with Maslows Hierarchy of Needs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a manager, you can account for the social needs of your employees by making sure each of your employees know one another, encouraging cooperative teamwork, being an accessible and kind supervisor and promoting a good work-life balance.Esteem needs refer to the need for self-esteem and respect, with self-respect being slightly more important than gaining respect and admiration from others. As a manager, you can account for the esteem needs of your employees by offering praise and recognition when the employee does well, and offering promotions and additional responsibility to reflect your belief that they are a valued employee.Self-actualization needs refer to a persons need to reach his or her full potential. The need to become what one is capable of is something that is highly personal. While I might have the need to be a good parent, you might have the need to hold an executive-level position within your organization. Because this need is individualized, as a manager, you can a ccount for this need by providing challenging work, inviting employees to participate in decision-making and giving them flexibility and autonomy in their jobs.

How to Send ACT Scores to Colleges

How to Send ACT Scores to Colleges SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips ACT scores are in, and now it’s time to move onto the next step - college applications! You may be wondering how to send your scores and whether you’re making the right choices about which ones you'll allow colleges to see. In this article, I’ll go through how to decide which scores to send and the way the process works overall. Should I Send My ACT Scores? ACT has a built-in Score Choice policy that allows you to send only certain scores to colleges based on how well you do on each test date.If you’re very unhappy with one of your ACT scores, you don’t necessarily have to show it to schools.There are some schools that require you to send all of your scores, but most allow you to pick and choose which test dates you want to send. In order to decide which scores to send or whether you need to take the test again, you should take a look at the score range for your schools of choice.Read this article to learn more about finding your target ACT score.As a general rule, you should aim for a score that represents the 75th percentile of scores for admitted students for your school of choice (meaning your score is higher than 75% of the scores of admitted students).If you’re still not sure whether you should take the ACT again, read our guide to help you decide! You should also consider superscoring as a factor.Colleges that superscore will take your highest scores from each section of the ACT across multiple tests and average them to create your highest possible composite score.Read this article for more information about how superscoring might affect your strategy on the ACT. How to Send ACT Scores to Colleges You can send your ACT scores to colleges several different ways, but the easiest way is to order score reports throughyour ACT web account.Click on the link that says â€Å"Send Your Scores† in your account homepage.You will get something that looks like this, with more dates listed if you took the ACT more than once: Once you select the date you want to send on your report (remember, every test date requires a separate report even if you’re sending more than one to the same school), you will get to a screen that asks you to fill in the code for the school where you want to send it.You can also search for schools to find the appropriate code: You can select up to 8 test date and school combinations per score report order. This is what it will look like when you select a school: You have the option to select either standard or priority reports (more on this in a minute!).After you select the schools and test dates you want, you just have to enter in your credit card info and hit submit, and your score reports will be on their way! Other methods of sending score reports include: Downloading the score report request form and mailing it in Calling the ACT (this costs $15 extra just for the call and is ONLY for priority reports - again, I'll talk more about those in a minute) Sending a letter of request to the ACT (instructions can be found at this link) To find the correct ACT college code for these other score reporting methods, use this link. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Types of ACT Score Reports There are three different types of ACT score reports. I'll describe each type and why you might or might not decide to order it. Type 1: Free Reports Whenever you register for the ACT, you have the option to send four free score reports.This is an enticing offer, but it can hurt you if your scores don’t end up being up to par, and you might not even know where you’re applying yet. Overall, I’d say it’s better to forgo the free reports and wait until you get your scores back.Unfortunately there is no fee waiver available for score reports, but as I said, most schools will allow you to use Score Choice and just send your best score to avoid the extra fees. Type 2: Regular Reports Regular reports (reports sent after the free score report period) cost $12 per test date per school.This is another reason why it’s to your advantage to use score choice - it's in your best interest to send the minimum number of score reports to reduce your financial burden. After the ACT gets your regular score report request, it will take about one week for them to process it and send it to your school of choice.Reports are delivered depending on the schedule of the school, but it’s almost always within two weeks or so of your request. Type 3: Priority or Rush Reports Priority reports for the ACT cost $16.50 per test date per school.These are processed two days after the ACT receives your request, as opposed to a week after the request for regular score reports.Priority reports should reach your school within 3-4 business days of your request.These reports can only be sent within the US. Be careful with rush reporting, because some schools that only receive scores electronically may not review these types of reports any faster than regular reports.Read more about when to order rush reporting here. Your priority score report is strapped to the back of a cheetah by the ACT - the cheetah's brain has a GPS implant. Some admissions officers might get bitten, but it WILL be there in time. Summary The process of sending your ACT score reports shouldn’t be too challenging if you know what to expect.Remember that most schools allow score choice, and many of them offer superscoring as well. You should check with your colleges of choice about their policies.You should also be sure you’re ordering reports with enough time to spare so they make it in with your application. Priority reports should be a last ditch option. As long as you'reaware of deadlines and know your options, sending ACT scores to colleges is a cinch! What's Next? Want to get a more in-depth look at your ACT scores and use them to study for the next test? Learn more about ordering Test Information Release. Also check out this article for more information onhow to get and interpret your ACT score results. Not sure whether you should take the ACT with or without Writing? Find out which collegesask for the Writing section. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Samantha Lindsay About the Author Samantha is a blog content writer for PrepScholar. Her goal is to help students adopt a less stressful view of standardized testing and other academic challenges through her articles. Samantha is also passionate about art and graduated with honors from Dartmouth College as a Studio Art major in 2014. 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Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 39

Psychology - Essay Example raisals are a person’s beliefs about the ability to deal with a situation based on available resources, and they can lead to a challenge response or a threat response. A challenge response occurs when we believe that we have enough resources to address the situation, and may have beneficial cognitive and cardiovascular benefits. However, a threat response due to an appraisal of insufficient resources may cause damages that are associated with stress. The authors suggest that humans have a natural attentional bias to potential threats, and that we may enter stress responses without a full appraisal of the situation. It is proposed that reappraising the resources available to deal with a potential threat may lead to a challenge response instead, and better psychophysical outcomes. This research included fifty participants (25 male, 25 female) who were compensated with either $25 or class credit. The subjects were prescreened for cardiovascular problems and one was excluded from the analysis after requesting to leave the study. Sensors were used to gain a baseline cardiovascular reading from each subject. They were placed in one of three conditions (reappraisal of resources, ignoring external cues, and a non-intervention control) and were re-tested after reading information about physical stress in scientific journals. The reappraisal group was instructed to appraise the task based on the new information while the external cues group was told to ignore the stress during subsequent readings. A modified Stroop task was used to measure attentional bias, while a Tier Social Stress Test measured perceived threat and questionnaires provided additional information. The collected data was analyzed using a mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA). It was shown that reappraisal participants reported more perceived resources than the other groups along with less physiological reactivity. Reappraisal subjects also showed less attentional bias for threats and emotionally negative

Does Free Trade Exist in Reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Does Free Trade Exist in Reality - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that as the world rotates, the flow of trade among nations also circles around those that are involved in it. Basically, these nations engage in trade for the benefit of the economy and the establishment of alliances. The common perception of many regarding the concept of free trade based on the word itself is that it is a free form of trade and that anybody or any nation may enter any marketplace without having to deal with any complexities because certainly, it is free. This conventional idea of free trade is to some degree justifiable; however, the non-vulnerability of free trade to any complexities is something that needs a more concise explanation. Because if one will consider free trade as trade without complexities, then the entrance of illegal objects from one nation to another is possible, but if a free trade will become subject to a particular number of restrictions, then its administration becomes less complicated. According to C olton, free trade is an influential phrase. It leads many people to believe that commerce means freedom, that ports are open to all traders, and trade can be done anywhere to anyone. He further argued that these notions may seem reasonable enough with reference to the meaning of the word free, but the enchanting character of these phrases is actually misleading. Because of the true definition behind the phrase â€Å"free trade,† lies in the opposite of the obvious meaning that it expresses. Therefore, Colton justifies the idea that free trade is not inherently free; that it is subject to laws and regulations, which impedes the assumption of its being free. Rather than formulate a concise definition of free trade, scholars opted to assume that free trade has an understandable (yet vague) definition. Driesen has stated that in academic writings and in the interpreted decisions of the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GAAT), vague terms such as trade barriers and trade res trictions are being used to exemplify the things that trade must become the free form of. However, the presence of these terms still does not help in the formulation of an exact definition of free trade. It goes to show that, in spite of free trade’s long existence, its concept has remained broad and ill-defined. Baggini and Fost have taken as an example "the justice of free trade." They have stated that when it comes to providing a definition of free trade, many do consider it as trade, which is not disrupted by any local or international trade restrictions. This meaning according to some philosophers refers to a fixed definition of free trade based on the thought of the words itself; however, with this definition, many people will argue that they have a precise or more appropriate definition of the term. These arguments will eventually result in varied justifications of free trade leading to contrasting conclusions in due regard to its justice. Creating clear definitions of difficult concepts as claimed by Baggini and Fost is crucial to refrain from having further discussions with its definition. The development of a single definition of free trade is still at the stage of discussions; therefore, its definition may vary and is still unfixed. Thus, a clear definition of free trade has to be developed not based on the term itself but based on its application in the world of trade, to put an end to this confusion. Hence, it can be said that "free trade refers to" the omission "of barriers to international trade", barriers that hinder its smooth sailing entrance to the international market.

Reflective Report On Experiences Working As A Midwife

Reflective Report On Experiences Working As A Midwife While I was on my first placement in semester one as a student midwife, I met many pregnant women, both within the community and in the hospital with different cultural backgrounds. For this essay which is a reflective essay, I have chosen to write about a pregnant lady and, in order to protect her confidentiality, according to the Nursing and Midwiferys Code of Conduct (NMC 2008), I will refer to her as Zara. In this reflection, I am going to use Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle. This encourages a clear description of the situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, and analysis to make sense of the experience and an action plan to examine what to be done if the situation arose again. Description of the event: My placement at the time was on the midwifery led unit in the hospital of my Trust, and on the day in question, I was on an early shift and, when I arrived, my mentor and I went in to Zaras room and introduced ourselves. Zara was in pain and her husband was also present in the room. My mentor tried to placate her down by talking to her but, because Zara did not understand English, she looked more worried and was looking at her husband to explain it to her. Her husband did not understand much either so my mentor suggested a translator but they refused it. We took her notes away, went in to the office and read through them so that we could plan her care according to her needs. Zara was in her early thirties and unemployed. This was her twelfth pregnancy, she has had six miscarriages, two stillbirths and three live children. All of her births were done by caesarean section including this one .This was because Zara was unable to give birth naturally due to her being a victim of female ge nital mutilation (FGM). They were also requesting female only care providers and doctors due to them being Muslims. Zara had also not attended many of her antenatal appointments because according to Currer (1991) antenatal care among Muslim mothers was not seeing important they view pregnancy as a normal condition. Prior taking Zara into the theatre to have her caesarean, my mentor explained the procedure to the husband and he translated to the wife. They signed all the relevant papers but Zara looked worried. I could tell they did not understand everything but to my surprise, they did not ask any questions, but they did not want a translator. After a while the anaesthetist came to give Zara the epidural, and it was a male. As soon as Zaras husband saw that, he placed his hand on Zaras shoulder and did not want it to let go. The staff was becoming very annoyed and frustrated because they kept telling him do not put your hand there, the procedure of the epidural has to be 100% sterile but he did not understand that. I stepped in because I still remembered when I had to learn English and I knew the word choice was difficult for them and it has to be relevant to their knowledge of English. I said to Zaras husband no hand, bacteria, no good for Zara and I was also demonstrated it with my hands and face. He understood and said ok but I could still see that he was not comfortable. Finally the anaesthetist got the epidural in and we took Zara to theatre to deliver her baby along with her husband. When arriving to theatre, I tried to catheterise Zara but could not do it due to her genital area being completely sawn up, so the doctor had to intervene. Zaras husband was standing by her legs and the staff tried to move him to top of the bed but said that he wanted to see what we were doing to Zara and that he was going to stay there. After a long discussion and explanations, he finally moved. Zara and baby were being monitored and by this time the babys heart was not picking up and we had to act fast. The doctor then cut Zaras abdominal to deliver the baby but meconium was gushing out instead. I run to call the paediatrician. The baby was floppy and there were no sign of life. Zara was asking why the baby was not crying and the husband looked very worried. Reassured them and explain ed that, when babies are born in meconium, they will need extra care and attention. The baby was now on the resuscitaire and the doctors was doing all they could to take out the meconium from the babys mouth and nose, and rubbing the baby to promote. After a little while, the baby started to cry and we all let a relieved breath out. I took the baby and showed it to the parents and explained that the baby had to go to special care unit to ensure that everything was fine. Zara was doing well, and after a couple hours we transferred her and her husband to the postnatal ward. Feelings: In this paragraph, I will discuss my feelings and thinking surrounding Zaras situation and the care she received from the medical staff. I empathized with Zara and her husband because they could not speak English, Zara endured many pregnancies and which of some had ended up in miscarriages and stillbirths and was naturally worried about the wellbeing of this baby. Because of Zaras and her husbands limited English and their cultural background, caring for them was more difficult and the medical staff was getting very impatient and irritated with them. I knew I could help both the staff and Zara and her husband. I tried to build up a good relationship with them by doing a proper introduction of myself, where I was from and to try to put them at ease. I still remember how difficult it was being in a new country with different cultures. My first attempt was to ask if necessary, whether it will be acceptable if the doctor were male and I explained the procedure in a way they could underst and, I was acting as an intermediary between them and the medical staff throughout. I did not speak their language but because I was explaining as simply as possible, they became very comfortable with me and trusted me. I really felt useful and helpful as they responded to me as I put myself in their shoes and remembered how it was when I was new in this country. According to Wold (2004) the empathetic listening is in relation to the willingness to know the other individual not just judging the persons statement. I then stood by Zaras bed and when needed, I used some facial expressions and hand gestures which could be translated to if she were still feeling pain in her tummy and if felt sensation in her legs. I was also using simple words. She looked at me and smiled and point where she could still feel. I was unsure whether to continue or not because I felt the medical staff might think I was not being professional, but according to Funnell et al, (2005) body gestures and facial ex pressions are referred as a non-verbal communicating. So I continued because I knew that would help Zaras family. The language and cultural barrier affected the care Zara was receiving because the staff was not communicating with them and did not appreciate that good explanation were essential for this family with their particular circumstances of limited English and understanding. During the procedure, I stayed by Zara and kept my eye contact with her because according to Wilma (1999) direct eye contact could express a sense of interest in the other person. Zara was holding my hands and I was updating her whenever she was asking for it. Evaluation: I feel I made the right decision to accompany Zara. Furthermore, I could develop my caring role for clients by understanding that they all will have different needs and will require different care. I think my approach with Zara and her husband was a good approach. The staff and Zara did benefit from my effort. It was also my responsibility to care for her so that she was getting the best care and understood what was done to her. I was able to improve my non-verbal communication skills in my conversation with Zara and her husband during my time with them and I know they were now getting the necessary information that they wanted and needed in this challenging situation. According to OHagan (2001) issues such as cultural diversity, cultural sensitivity and cultural competence had no place in the training of care professionals. To enable this vision to be implemented, it is significant that health care professionals have the adequate educational preparation to provide culturally sensitive care to those who have a diversity of health beliefs and practices (Aziz et al. 2000). Promoting cultural awareness among health care professionals is believed to improve their confidence and skills in providing holistic care for patients with different cultural backgrounds Also, culturally sensitive attitudes and practices, rather than simple knowledge, are likely to contribute much toward achieving the ultimate goal of providing quality care to the patients and their families. (Murphy Clark, 1993, cited Zafir 2002). There are many implications that should be well thought-out when caring for Muslim patients. All procedures, decisions and judgments must to be family orientated and culturally derived. Religious and cultural frameworks give the most complete and holistic perspective for caring and understanding the patient population of Muslim denomination. Practices need to take into account the care constructs of presence, participation and support. In addition, the policies and philosophies of the hospitals and other institutions needs to reflect the cultural practices related the specific care, communication and spirituality. Also, where language is a problem, it is important to have access to interpreters in order to provide culturally competent care for Muslims. Secondly, there are differences in the cultural and psychosocial forms of expression of the Muslim patients and their families and those of the caress. The process of reflection and clinical supervision could assist care givers in identifying their own cultural barriers, stereotyping, and ethnocentricity, thus, ultimately impr oving care. Finally, the management should continually assess whether the staff have the appropriate knowledge and skills to handle the particular ethical situations involved in caring for the patient and his/her family of Muslim denomination and, with the aim of reducing emotional labour, provide a mechanism, which would assist the staff in becoming more competent. Halligan (2005) Zara was also a victim of FGM which is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO 2006) as procedures that involve partial or total removal of the female external genitalia and or injury to the female genital organs for cultural or any other non-therapeutic reasons. Zara had Type IV which includes pricking, incising or piercing of the external genitalia, stretching of the clitoris and or labia, cauterization by burning of the clitoris and surrounding tissue or any other procedure that is performed to cause vaginal narrowing or tightening, and this was why she could not give birth naturally. According to the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE 2008) guidelines suggest that women who have experienced FGM should be identified early in the antenatal period through sensitive enquiry. I read through Zaras note but it was not recorded that she was a victim of FGM and the special care that she needed was not given. Analysis: My communication skills were very important when I was providing care for Zara. I noticed that my non-verbal communication skills helped enormously while caring for Zara. She could understand a few words when I was asking her questions but the lack of language hindered good communication. As the patient was not using her first or second language, I tried to communicate in a way she could understand. I still could manage to communicate in a way the other staff members could not because they had not the knowledge how to communicate with someone that does not speak English. White (2005) recommended that a care provider should learn a few words or phrases in the predominant second language to put a patient at ease for better understanding. Although, it was quite difficult to demonstrate certain things, Zara managed to understand and she was answering me by nodding her head when she was understood and also by her body gestures and her eye movement. Zaras husband was also asking me questio ns that I had to make the staff aware of According to Zafir et al (2000), Muslim patients should have a healthcare provider of the same sex. Exposure of the patients body parts should be limited to the minimum necessary, and permission should be asked before gently uncovering any part of the body. Even more care should be taken when exposing private parts, and attempts should be made to avoid such exposures unless absolutely nec ­essary. Zaras husband did ask for a female doctor but his request was declined because the ward was very busy and it was not possible. I think if this had been included her birth plan, it would have been arranged for them Zara and her husband may have felt discriminated .If communication is a problem for one or both parties in an exchange, they will have an interest in improving it In Zaras case, the lack of time, did not permitted this. Discrimination is usually due to miscommunication however this should be lower in hospitals especially when the relationship between the medical staff and patien ts has been sustained for a longer period. Furthermore, the gap will be even more difficult to bridge since learning and communication are can be more costly for the hospital such as when providing a translator. Balsa et al (2003) Conclusion: Writing this reflection has made me aware of my approach to car for clients who have language difficulties and have a different cultural background. Zara needed a lot of support and personalised care. It was vital to deliver this baby in a good condition due to her previous stillbirths and also, it was important to recognise that Zara and her husband came form a different culture and their values and belief were different to us. The beliefs and practices of Islamic patients may have an effect on the patients health care in ways that are not apparent to many health-care professionals and policy makers internationally. Intercultural misconceptions and misunderstandings of many healthcare professionals have potential consequences. Therefore, health-care professionals need to be better equipped to meet the needs of their patients and Interpreter should always be available when knowing the patient does not understand. Halligan (2005). Action Plan: My plan for my future role as a midwife, if I ever come across a client like Zara who was not speaking English, had dramatic birth experience and had different cultural background, I would know how to deal with it. I would prepare my self better, I would try to learn some word in her language and doing some reading regarding her culture and write down her expectations. I know that communication is a very important part to build up a good relationship. According to Payne (2007) communication and information provision play key roles in determining whether people engage in recommended health behaviors and whether the behaviors have a positive outcome. Health communicators may want to achieve any of a number of goals, including providing information, instruction or reassurance, influencing opinions and attitudes, and changing behavior. So an excellent communication is necessary in order to identify the patients wellbeing. I should not pre-judge my client by first assumption and impressio ns but I have to make her feel appreciated as an individual. I have also learned the importance of listening because when I was listening to Zara, I was watching her gestures as the same time, even though I did not understand when she was talking, I could read her gestures. I should also able to respect their basic principles, beliefs, culture and individual means of communication. In conclusion: I have used Gibbs (1998) Reflective Cycle as my support for this essay and I was able to discuss every stage in the Gibbs (1998) Reflective Cycle. REFRENCES: Ana I. Balsa a, Thomas G. McGuireb. (2003). Prejudice, clinical uncertainty and stereotyping. 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